Suppose \((\Omega ,\mathcal {F},\mathbb {P})\) is a probability space, and \(\mathcal {F}_1\subset \mathcal {F}_2\subset \cdots \) defines a filtration of sigma-algebras of subsets of \(\mathcal {F}\).
(a) State, without proof, Doob’s martingale convergence theorem.
(b) Prove that \(\mathcal {L}:=\lim _{n\to \infty }\mathbb {E}(Z\mid \mathcal {F}_n)\) exists almost surely and in \(L^1(\mathbb {P})\) for all \(Z\in L^1(\mathbb {P})\) [this is Lévy’s martingale convergence theorem]. Identify the limit \(\mathcal {L}\).